dropper bottles bulk Safety Certifications
When sourcing dropper bottles in bulk, it's essential to ensure they meet safety certifications to guarantee quality and safety, especially if they are intended for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or food-related uses. Here are some key safety certifications to look for:
1. FDA Approval: In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates materials that come into contact with food and pharmaceuticals. FDA-approved materials ensure that the dropper bottles are safe for their intended use, free from harmful chemicals, and adhere to stringent safety standards.
2. ISO 9001: This is an international standard for quality management systems. Certification indicates that the manufacturer consistently provides products that meet customer and regulatory requirements and aims to enhance customer satisfaction through effective system applications.
3. ISO 15378: Specifically for the pharmaceutical industry, this standard incorporates Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and is essential for primary packaging materials, ensuring utmost safety and quality.
4. EU Regulation No 10/2011: For those catering to the European market, this regulation pertains to plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Compliance ensures that the dropper bottles do not release harmful substances into food products.
5. BPA Free Certification: Ensures that the plastic used in the dropper bottles does not contain Bisphenol A (BPA), a harmful industrial chemical that can leach into products and pose health risks.
6. Child-Resistant Certification: For products that may be hazardous to children, child-resistant packaging is essential. This certification demonstrates that the bottle's closure system meets safety requirements to prevent accidental ingestion by children.
Before purchasing, always ask suppliers for documentation and proof of these certifications to ensure that the dropper bottles meet all necessary safety standards and regulatory requirements.
List Reference Technical Parameters of "dropper bottles bulk"
Sure! When considering the technical parameters for bulk dropper bottles, it's essential to focus on key specifications to ensure they meet your requirements. Below are the primary technical parameters:
1. Material:
- Bottle Material: Common materials include glass, plastic (PET, HDPE), and sometimes silicone.
- Dropper Material: Typically rubber, silicone, or sometimes plastic for the bulb; glass or plastic for the pipette.
2. Capacity:
- Standard sizes range from 5ml to 100ml. Most commonly used sizes in bulk are 10ml, 15ml, 30ml, 50ml, and 100ml.
3. Dimensions:
- Height: Varies with capacity; typically ranges from 40mm to 120mm.
- Diameter: Typically from 15mm to 45mm.
4. Neck Finish/Size:
- Common neck sizes are 18mm, 20mm, or 24mm, ensuring compatibility with dropper assemblies.
5. Dropper Tip:
- Options include narrow, blunt, or tapered tips to control the rate of liquid dispensing.
6. Color:
- Available in various colors; amber, cobalt blue, and clear are predominant for protection against UV light.
7. Graduation Marks:
- Some dropper bottles have measurement markings for precise dosing.
8. Seal Type:
- Available with child-resistant caps, tamper-evident seals, and regular screw caps.
9. Compliance:
- Must adhere to relevant regulations such as FDA, CE, or other country-specific standards, especially for pharmaceutical or food applications.
10. Additional Attributes:
- Heat Resistance: Relevant for autoclaving or sterilization processes.
- Chemical Compatibility: Resistance to various chemicals the bottle may contain.
- Ease of Assembly: Droppers should fit securely and seal well to prevent leaks.
These parameters ensure you select dropper bottles that meet industry standards and are suitable for intended use, packaging efficiency, and end-user convenience.
List Product features of "dropper bottles bulk"
Certainly! Here are the product features of "dropper bottles bulk":
1. Material Options: Typically available in glass, plastic (PET, HDPE), and sometimes silicone for both durability and specific use-cases.
2. Volume Variety: Range of sizes often includes 5ml, 10ml, 15ml, 20ml, 30ml, 50ml, and 100ml, catering to different volume requirements.
3. Color Choices: Common colors include clear, amber, blue, and green for UV light protection and aesthetic preferences.
4. Dropper Types: Options for glass or plastic pipettes with various cap styles like bulb, push-button, and tamper-evident.
5. Caps and Seals: Features like child-resistant caps, tamper-evident seals, and screw-on caps ensure safety and product integrity.
6. Accessories: May include funnels, labels, and shrink bands for ease of use and professional labeling.
7. Graduations and Markings: Some models have measurement markings for precision in dispensing liquids.
8. Leak-Proof Design: Ensures minimal risk of leaks and spills during transport or use.
9. Compatibility: Suitable for a wide range of uses including essential oils, e-liquids, tinctures, eye drops, cosmetics, and laboratory chemicals.
10. Wholesale Pricing: Cost-effective for bulk purchases, often offered in packages of 50, 100, or more units.
11. Eco-friendly Options: Available in recyclable and environmentally friendly materials to meet sustainability demands.
12. Customization: Options for custom branding, labeling, and color to meet specific business needs.
13. FDA-Approved Materials: Complies with safety standards for holding consumables and pharmaceuticals.
14. Ease of Cleaning: Many designs are easy to disassemble and clean, particularly important for reusable glass dropper bottles.
15. User-Friendly Design: Ergonomically designed to be easy to squeeze and dispense controlled drops.
These features make dropper bottles purchased in bulk a versatile and practical choice across various industries.
List Various Types of "dropper bottles bulk"
Sure! Here are some types of dropper bottles bulk available in the market:
1. Glass Dropper Bottles:
- Amber Glass: Often used for essential oils and light-sensitive liquids due to its UV protection.
- Clear Glass: Ideal for showcasing the color of the contents and allows easy monitoring of the liquid level.
- Cobalt Blue Glass: Provides a visually appealing look and some UV protection.
- Frosted Glass: Offers an elegant appearance while partially protecting the liquid from light.
2. Plastic Dropper Bottles:
- PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate): Lightweight, shatter-resistant, and commonly used for travel-size liquid storage.
- LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene): Squeezable, durable, and often used for thicker liquids like serums and gels.
- HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene): More rigid and chemical-resistant, suitable for a wide range of liquids.
3. Specialty Dropper Bottles:
- Child-Resistant Dropper Bottles: Includes a child-proof cap to ensure safety, commonly used for medications and chemicals.
- Tamper-Evident Dropper Bottles: Features a seal that indicates if the bottle has been opened, enhancing product security.
- Graduated Dropper Bottles: Marked with measurement lines for precise dosing, useful for pharmaceuticals and laboratory use.
4. Multi-Use Dropper Bottles:
- Roll-On Dropper Bottles: Incorporate a roller-ball for direct application, often used for perfumes and topical treatments.
- Spray Dropper Bottles: Combine a dropper and a spray mechanism, flexible for different types of application.
These bulk options cater to various industries including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, aromatherapy, and more. The choice of material and design depends on the specific requirements such as light sensitivity, durability, safety, and ease of use.
List Application of "dropper bottles bulk"
Dropper bottles, often purchased in bulk, serve a wide range of applications across multiple industries due to their precision, convenience, and versatility. Here are some key uses:
1. Essential Oils: Aromatherapy and holistic health practitioners use dropper bottles to dispense essential oils. The droppers provide control over the number of drops used, ensuring accurate dosing.
2. Liquids Medications: Pharmacies and hospitals utilize dropper bottles for administering liquid medications, particularly for infants or small doses that require precision.
3. Cosmetics: Dropper bottles are popular in the cosmetic industry for products like serums, face oils, and specialty hair treatments. They help manage the quantity applied, minimizing waste.
4. Scientific Research: Laboratories use dropper bottles for handling chemicals, reagents, and solutions. They are ideal for tasks requiring precision measurements and controlled dispensation.
5. DIY and Hobby Projects: Crafters and hobbyists find dropper bottles useful for activities like applying glue, dyes, inks, or paints in small, controlled amounts.
6. Food Industry: Specialty food products, such as flavor extracts, liquid sweeteners, and food coloring, are often distributed using dropper bottles for precision in recipes and presentations.
7. E-Liquids: The vaping industry frequently uses dropper bottles to store and dispense e-liquids. The precise drop control is crucial for filling vape devices without spills.
8. Agricultural and Botanical: Dropper bottles facilitate the accurate administration of liquid nutrients, fertilizers, and pesticides for plants, ensuring precise application and conservation of resources.
9. Personal Care: Products like tinctures, beard oils, and massage oils commonly use dropper bottles to allow users to dispense small amounts efficiently.
10. Art and Calligraphy: Artists and calligraphers use droppers for applying ink and other liquid media to their works, providing control over the volume and flow.
Overall, bulk dropper bottles offer cost-efficiency and practicality across these diverse applications.
List Buyer Types of "dropper bottles bulk"
When it comes to purchasing dropper bottles in bulk, several types of buyers typically come to the forefront. These buyers generally span across diverse industries and use cases:
1. Pharmaceutical Companies: These organizations often require dropper bottles for packaging liquid medications, tinctures, and other relevant pharmaceutical products. Consistency, accuracy in dosing, and sterility are paramount for their needs.
2. Cosmetic and Personal Care Brands: Manufacturers of skincare products, serums, essential oils, and hair treatments frequently buy dropper bottles in bulk to ensure their products are dispensed in controlled quantities. Aesthetics, material compatibility, and functionality are vital.
3. E-commerce and Private Label Sellers: Entrepreneurs who sell bespoke or white-labeled products on platforms like Amazon and Etsy invest in dropper bottles to maintain a high-quality, professional appearance for their offerings.
4. Chemical and Research Laboratories: These entities need bulk dropper bottles to dispense chemicals, reagents, and solutions precisely. Reliability, resistance to chemical interactions, and durability are crucial for their specific applications.
5. Aromatherapy and Essential Oil Businesses: Practitioners and sellers in the aromatherapy industry require quality dropper bottles to precisely dispense potent essential oils. They often prioritize UV protection and oil-resistant materials.
6. Health and Wellness Companies: Firms that produce health supplements, herbal extracts, and CBD oil products need bulk dropper bottles for accurate and safe dosing.
7. DIY Enthusiasts and Hobbyists: Individuals involved in crafting homemade tinctures, extracts, or custom formulations may purchase in bulk for cost-efficiency and to ensure they have adequate supplies for their projects.
8. Veterinary Clinics and Animal Care Providers: These entities use dropper bottles for administering medications or supplements to pets and animals. Durability and ease of dosing are essential.
In summary, the demand for bulk dropper bottles spans multiple sectors, each with unique requirements and preferences, from consistency and sterility to durability and aesthetics.
List "dropper bottles bulk" Project Types for Different Industries
Sure, here are some project types for various industries that commonly utilize dropper bottles purchased in bulk:
Pharmaceutical Industry
1. Medication Packaging
- Packaging liquid medications, tinctures, and specialized treatments such as eye drops and ear drops.
2. Compounding Pharmacy
- Custom compounding of pharmaceutical ingredients into liquid formulations.
Cosmetics and Skincare Industry
1. Serum and Essential Oil Packaging
- Packaging facial serums, essential oils, and other treatment serums.
2. DIY Beauty Products
- Creating custom-blended skin care products and aromatherapy solutions.
Food and Beverage Industry
1. Flavoring and Extracts
- Packaging concentrated flavors, extracts, and natural sweeteners such as stevia.
2. Craft Beverages
- Dispensing craft bitters and cocktail mixers.
Nutritional Supplements Industry
1. Vitamin and Supplement Drops
- Packaging liquid vitamins, minerals, and herbal supplements.
2. CBD and Hemp Products
- Dispensing CBD oil and other herbal tinctures.
Laboratory and Scientific Research
1. Chemical Storage
- Holding small quantities of chemicals, reagents, and biological solutions.
2. Sample Preparation
- Dispensing precise quantities for experiments.
Health and Wellness Industry
1. Aromatherapy
- Packaging essential oils and aromatherapy blends.
2. Naturopathic Remedies
- Dispensing herbal and homeopathic liquid remedies.
Arts and Crafts
1. Dyes and Inks
- Packaging and dispensing liquid dyes, inks, and paints for precise application.
2. Craft Projects
- Dispensing adhesives and other liquid materials for detailed arts and crafts projects.
Veterinary and Pet Care
1. Pet Medications
- Dispensing liquid medications and supplements for pets.
2. Grooming Products
- Packaging ear cleaners, eye drops, and other liquid grooming solutions.
E-Cigarette Industry
1. E-Liquids
- Packaging nicotine and non-nicotine e-liquids for vaping.
Dropper bottles in bulk offer versatility and precision, which are essential for a wide array of applications across different industries.
dropper bottles bulk Accessories Upgrades and Custom Manufacturing Options
Dropper bottles are essential for a wide range of industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and essential oils. When purchasing dropper bottles in bulk, businesses have the opportunity to optimize their product offerings with various accessories, upgrades, and custom manufacturing options. Here’s an overview of the key features available:
1. Accessories:
- Caps and Droppers: Various cap styles such as child-resistant, tamper-evident, and standard twist-off are available. Droppers can be customized with different pipette lengths and materials, such as glass or plastic.
- Labels: Pre-printed labels or blank labels for in-house printing can be included. Options for waterproof or oil-resistant labels ensure durability.
- Shrink Bands: Tamper-evident shrink bands provide additional security.
2. Upgrades:
- UV Protection: Special coatings or colored glass, such as amber, cobalt blue, or green, protect light-sensitive products.
- Precision Droppers: Upgraded droppers with fine-tip designs for accurate dosing are available for applications requiring precision.
- Material Options: High-quality BPA-free plastic or medical-grade glass options improve product safety and compliance.
3. Custom Manufacturing:
- Branding: Custom colors, logo embossing, and proprietary designs can elevate your brand’s presence.
- Size Options: Various bottle capacities, ranging from 5 ml to 100 ml, cater to different market needs.
- Custom Shapes: Unique bottle shapes can differentiate your product on the shelves.
- Batch Coding: Custom batch coding and expiry date printing for better traceability and inventory management.
Partnering with a reliable manufacturer allows you to tailor dropper bottles to your specific needs, enhancing product functionality and brand appeal. Custom solutions not only improve user experience but also ensure compliance with industry standards. Investing in high-quality bulk dropper bottles with the right accessories and upgrades can significantly impact your business’s success.
List Quality Control and The Manufacturing Process of "dropper bottles bulk"
Quality Control of Dropper Bottles Bulk
1. Material Inspection: Raw materials like glass, plastic, and rubber are examined for quality compliance.
2. Dimensional Accuracy: Bottles and dropper components are measured to ensure they meet specified dimensions.
3. Visual Inspection: Bottles are inspected for visual defects such as bubbles, cracks, or discrepancies in color.
4. Leak Testing: Assembled droppers are tested to confirm they maintain a proper seal without leaks.
5. Functionality Test: Droppers are tested for the dispensing accuracy and ease of use.
6. Sterility Check: For pharmaceutical or cosmetic use, sterility checks are conducted as per regulatory standards.
7. Batch Testing: Sample testing from production batches ensures consistent quality.
8. Regulatory Compliance: Ensures the bottles meet local and international regulations, including FDA or ISO standards.
Manufacturing Process of Dropper Bottles Bulk
1. Material Procurement: High-quality raw materials, like borosilicate glass or BPA-free plastic, are sourced.
2. Bottle Molding: Glass bottles are blown into shape using pre-heated glass parisons; plastic bottles are formed through injection molding.
3. Droppers Fabrication: Rubber or silicone bulbs are molded, and plastic or glass droppers are cut and finished.
4. Assembly: The dropper, cap, and bottle are assembled either manually or using automated machinery.
5. Printing and Labeling: Bottles are printed with required labels, dosage information, or brand logos using screen printing or hot stamping.
6. Cleaning and Sterilization: Bottles are washed and sterilized, particularly if they are to be used for pharmaceutical products.
7. Quality Control Check: Finished products undergo rigorous testing for quality assurance.
8. Packaging: Checked and approved dropper bottles are packed in bulk, with protective packaging to prevent damage during transportation.
9. Distribution: Finished goods are shipped to wholesalers, retailers, or direct clients.
Combining stringent quality control with efficient manufacturing processes ensures high-quality, reliable dropper bottles in bulk.
How to use "dropper bottles bulk"
Dropper bottles, often sold in bulk, are versatile containers that can be utilized for various applications. Here’s a brief guide on how to effectively use them:
1. Choose the Right Bottle:
- Capacity: Select the appropriate size (e.g., 15ml, 30ml).
- Material: Opt for glass or plastic based on your needs. Glass is ideal for essential oils, while plastic is suitable for lighter solutions.
2. Clean Before Use:
- Wash the bottles thoroughly with warm soapy water.
- Rinse and air-dry to ensure no contaminants remain.
3. Filling the Bottles:
- Use a clean funnel to avoid spills.
- Leave some space at the top to insert the dropper without overfilling.
4. Labeling:
- Clearly label each bottle with its contents and date of filling.
- Use waterproof labels for long-lasting results.
5. Administrative Use:
- For essential oils, tinctures, or serums, fill bottles and secure them with droppers.
- Always use sterilized droppers to maintain purity.
6. Storage:
- Store in a cool, dark place to preserve the integrity of light-sensitive contents.
- Keep away from children to avoid accidental ingestion.
7. Application:
- Unscrew the cap, squeeze the rubber top, and release to draw liquid into the dropper.
- Dispense drops as needed by gently squeezing the rubber top again.
8. Recycling and Reuse:
- After use, clean bottles thoroughly for reuse.
- Consider eco-friendly disposal if not reusing.
By purchasing dropper bottles in bulk, you can save costs and ensure you have a consistent supply for your needs, whether for personal DIY projects, skincare preparations, or dispensing medications. Proper handling and storage will ensure the longevity and effectiveness of the contents.
"dropper bottles bulk" Comparative Analysis
When engaging in a comparative analysis of purchasing dropper bottles in bulk, there are various factors to consider, including cost, quality, customization options, and supplier reliability.
Cost: Bulk purchases generally offer significant cost savings, often with price reductions per unit as the order quantity increases. A comparative analysis should consider not only the base price per bottle but also shipping costs, potential import taxes, and any discounts for larger orders.
Quality: The material and craftsmanship of dropper bottles are crucial, particularly for industries like pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and essential oils where product integrity is paramount. Glass bottles typically offer better chemical resistance and durability compared to plastic ones. Selecting reputable suppliers with high-quality standards is essential for ensuring consistency.
Customization: Customization options such as color, size, dropper type (e.g., glass pipette, silicone), and branding (e.g., logos, labels) add value but can also affect price and delivery times. Suppliers who offer a wide range of customization options provide greater flexibility to align with brand identity and product specifications.
Supplier Reliability: Reliable suppliers with good market reputations are critical. Factors like production lead times, customer service quality, return policies, and previous customer reviews can guide decisions. Additionally, considering suppliers with certifications like ISO can imply adherence to high manufacturing standards.
Volume and Scalability: The analysis should account for current and potential future needs. Suppliers that can scale production to match business growth without compromising quality or delivery times are preferable.
Environmental Considerations: Companies increasingly prioritize sustainability. Suppliers offering eco-friendly materials or practices might provide an added business advantage.
In conclusion, when comparing bulk dropper bottle purchases, it’s vital to balance cost savings against quality, customization, supplier reliability, and potential environmental concerns to ensure the best procurement decision.
"dropper bottles bulk" Warranty and Support
When purchasing dropper bottles in bulk, it's crucial to consider the warranty and support services provided by the supplier to ensure you receive quality products and reliable after-sales care. Here’s a concise overview of what to look out for:
Warranty
1. Coverage: Ensure the warranty covers manufacturing defects, including issues with the dropper mechanism, bottle integrity, and labeling.
2. Duration: Look for a warranty that extends for at least one year from the date of purchase, providing adequate time to spot any defects.
3. Claims Process: The process for making a warranty claim should be straightforward. Usually, this involves providing proof of purchase and photos of the defect.
4. Replacements and Refunds: Understand the conditions under which the supplier will offer a replacement or refund. Some companies may also provide partial credit for minor defects.
Support
1. Customer Service: Reliable suppliers offer robust customer support, accessible via phone, email, or live chat. Response times should be quick, ideally within 24 hours.
2. Technical Assistance: For any issues related to the functionality of the dropper bottles, a knowledgeable support team can provide troubleshooting guidance.
3. Order Tracking: Ensure that the supplier offers a system for tracking bulk orders from dispatch to delivery, keeping you informed of the order status.
4. After-Sales Support: Post-purchase, some suppliers offer additional support, including help with reordering and bulk discounts for future purchases.
Additional Considerations
- Bulk Pricing and Discounts: Clarify if there are discounts for larger quantities.
- Return Policy: Understand the return policy comprehensively, including any restocking fees.
- Shipping: Check if the supplier offers free or discounted shipping on bulk orders and their delivery timeframes.
Taking these factors into account will help you make an informed decision, ensuring reliability and peace of mind when purchasing dropper bottles in bulk.
List "dropper bottles bulk" FAQ
Dropper Bottles Bulk FAQ
1. What are dropper bottles used for?
Dropper bottles are commonly used to dispense liquids in precise amounts. They are ideal for essential oils, tinctures, medicines, serums, and other liquids requiring accurate dosage.
2. What materials are dropper bottles made from?
Dropper bottles are usually made from glass or plastic. Glass options often include amber, cobalt blue, or clear glass to protect contents from UV light. Plastic versions are typically made from PET or HDPE.
3. What sizes do bulk dropper bottles come in?
Dropper bottles are available in various sizes, ranging from 5ml to 100ml. The most popular sizes are 10ml, 15ml, 30ml, and 50ml.
4. Can dropper bottles be reused?
Yes, dropper bottles can generally be cleaned and reused. Glass bottles are easier to sterilize compared to plastic ones.
5. How do I clean dropper bottles?
Clean dropper bottles by rinsing them with warm, soapy water. For glass bottles, use a sterilizing agent like rubbing alcohol. Let them air dry completely before reusing.
6. Are these bottles leak-proof?
High-quality dropper bottles often come with leak-proof caps and seals. However, it's recommended to test a few samples before making a large bulk purchase.
7. Is there a minimum order quantity for bulk purchases?
Minimum order quantities (MOQs) vary by supplier. Some require as few as 50 bottles, while others may have a MOQ of 1,000 or more.
8. Can I get custom labels or branding on bulk orders?
Many suppliers offer customization services, including labeling and branding. Always check with the supplier for options and additional costs.
9. How long does delivery take for bulk orders?
Delivery times depend on the supplier and your location. Domestic orders typically take 1 to 2 weeks, while international shipping may take longer.
10. What is the cost of dropper bottles in bulk?
Prices vary based on material, size, and quantity. On average, prices range from $0.30 to $2.00 per bottle. Bulk discounts are generally available.
Always consult with specific suppliers for the most accurate and detailed information.
Top 10 FAQ with answer about dropper bottles bulk for Buyer Sourcing from China
1. What are dropper bottles typically used for?
Dropper bottles are mainly used for storing and dispensing liquids in precise and small amounts. Common uses include essential oils, pharmaceuticals, e-liquids, cosmetics, and laboratory reagents.
2. What materials are dropper bottles available in?
Dropper bottles can be made from various materials, including glass, plastic (such as PET or HDPE), and sometimes even aluminum. Each material offers different benefits in terms of durability, chemical resistance, and cost.
3. What sizes do dropper bottles come in?
Dropper bottles are available in a wide range of sizes, typically from 1ml to 100ml. The most common sizes for consumer products are 10ml, 15ml, 30ml, and 50ml.
4. Can I get custom designs or labeling on the bulk dropper bottles?
Yes, many Chinese manufacturers offer customization services, including custom colors, shapes, and labeling, to meet specific branding requirements.
5. What is the minimum order quantity (MOQ) for bulk purchase from China?
The MOQ varies by manufacturer, but it typically ranges from 1,000 to 10,000 units. It is advisable to contact the supplier directly to discuss specific requirements and possible negotiations.
6. What is the average lead time for production and shipping?
The production lead time generally ranges from 2 to 6 weeks, depending on the order size and customization needs. Shipping can take an additional 1 to 6 weeks based on the chosen shipping method (air or sea).
7. Are dropper bottles from China compliant with international quality standards?
Reputable Chinese suppliers adhere to international quality standards such as ISO 9001, and many have certifications like FDA, CE, and SGS. It is important to verify these certifications before making a purchase.
8. How are the dropper bottles packaged for bulk shipping?
Dropper bottles are usually packaged in sturdy cartons with protective liners to prevent damage during transit. Some suppliers may offer customized packaging options based on your requirements.
9. What are the payment terms for bulk orders?
Common payment terms include T/T (Telegraphic Transfer), L/C (Letter of Credit), and sometimes PayPal for smaller orders. A typical practice is to pay a 30% deposit upfront, with the balance paid before shipment.
10. Can I request samples before placing a bulk order?
Yes, most suppliers offer samples either free of charge or at a nominal cost. Sampling is strongly recommended to assess the quality and suitability of the product before committing to a bulk purchase.
