dump truck china Safety Certifications
Dump trucks in China must adhere to several safety certifications and regulations to ensure they meet both national and international standards for operation. Key certifications include:
1. CCC (China Compulsory Certification): Similar to the CE marking in Europe, the CCC mark is mandatory for a wide range of products, including dump trucks. It assesses compliance with Chinese safety and environmental regulations.
2. GB Standards: China has its own set of national standards known as GB (Guobiao) standards. GB 7258 specifies the technical safety requirements for motor vehicles, and GB 21861 focuses on vehicle inspection.
3. ISO Certifications: Many dump truck manufacturers in China seek ISO certifications to appeal to international markets. ISO 9001 focuses on quality management systems, while ISO 14001 addresses environmental management.
4. ADR (Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road): For dump trucks transporting hazardous materials, compliance with ADR is crucial, ensuring they meet international safety standards for transporting dangerous goods.
5. ECE Regulations: Some Chinese manufacturers aim for ECE certifications (Europe), which include a series of regulations set by the Economic Commission for Europe related to vehicle safety, emissions, and performance.
6. FCCC (Fuel Consumption of Commercial Vehicles Certification): This ensures that dump trucks meet fuel efficiency standards, contributing to environmental protection efforts.
7. Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Certification: Though less common, some components or systems within the dump trucks might be UL certified, particularly if they include electrical systems.
These certifications collectively ensure that dump trucks produced and operated in China meet stringent safety, environmental, and quality standards, aligning with both national regulations and international expectations.
List Reference Technical Parameters of "dump truck china"
When evaluating dump trucks from China, it's crucial to consider several technical parameters to ensure that the vehicle meets your specific operational requirements. Here is a brief list of key reference technical parameters:
1. Engine:
- Type: Diesel, often with turbochargers for enhanced performance.
- Displacement: Ranges from 5.9L to 14.9L.
- Power Output: Typically between 200 to 600 horsepower (hp).
- Torque: Usually between 800 to 2,500 Nm.
2. Transmission:
- Type: Manual, automated manual transmission (AMT), or automatic transmission.
- Gears: Typically 6 to 16-speed options.
3. Chassis & Suspension:
- Chassis: Steel frame with high tensile strength.
- Suspension: Leaf spring, air suspension, or a combination of both.
4. Drive Configuration:
- Types: 4x2, 6x4, 8x4 (most common for heavy-duty operations).
5. Load Capacity:
- Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW): Typically ranges from 15,000 kg to 80,000 kg.
- Payload Capacity: Can range from 7,000 kg to 50,000 kg depending on the model.
6. Dimensions:
- Overall Length: Generally between 7,000 mm to 12,000 mm.
- Width: Typically around 2,500 mm to 3,200 mm.
- Height: Ranges from 3,000 mm to 4,000 mm.
7. Body & Tipper:
- Material: High-quality steel or aluminum.
- Volume: Usually 10 m³ to 30 m³.
8. Braking System:
- Type: Air brakes, with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) as an option.
- Auxiliary Brakes: Exhaust or engine brakes.
9. Fuel Tank Capacity:
- Range: Typically between 200 to 600 liters.
10. Cabin Features:
- Configuration: Day cab or sleeper cab.
- Safety features: Airbags, cruise control, and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS).
- Ergonomics: Adjustable seats, digital displays, and climate control.
Comprehensively analyzing these parameters will help in selecting the appropriate dump truck suited to specific industrial needs.
List Product features of "dump truck china"
Certainly! Below are the product features of a typical dump truck manufactured in China:
1. Robust Construction
- Heavy-duty steel frame and body for enhanced durability.
- High-strength materials resistant to wear and tear.
2. Engine Performance
- Equipped with powerful diesel engines.
- Compliant with international emission standards (Euro III/IV/V).
3. Load Capacity
- Available in various models ranging from 5 tons to 40 tons.
- Designed for hauling heavy loads efficiently.
4. Hydraulic Lifting System
- Advanced hydraulic systems for smooth lifting and dumping operations.
- Multiple hydraulic cylinders for balanced lifting.
5. Cabin Comfort and Safety
- Ergonomically designed driver's cabin for enhanced comfort.
- Equipped with air conditioning and heating systems.
- Safety belts and reinforced cabin structure for driver’s safety.
6. Transmission and Braking
- Manual and automatic transmission options.
- Equipped with advanced braking systems including ABS and exhaust brakes.
7. Tire and Suspension
- Durable, heavy-duty tires suitable for various terrains.
- Advanced suspension systems for improved ride comfort and stability.
8. Versatility and Customization
- Available in multiple configurations: 4x2, 6x4, 8x4, etc.
- Customizable body dimensions and materials based on specific requirements.
9. Technological Integration
- GPS tracking and fleet management systems for operational efficiency.
- Integrated dashboards with digital displays and controls.
10. Fuel Efficiency
- Engineered for optimized fuel consumption.
- Options available with hybrid technology for reduced environmental impact.
11. Maintenance and Service
- Easy access to engine and components for hassle-free maintenance.
- Long service intervals and readily available spare parts.
12. Affordability
- Competitively priced with a focus on providing value.
- Export-friendly with compliance to global standards.
13. Warranty and Support
- Comprehensive warranty packages.
- Robust after-sales service network.
These features collectively make Chinese dump trucks a popular choice in construction, mining, and various other industrial sectors globally.
List Various Types of "dump truck china"
When it comes to dump trucks manufactured in China, several types and models cater to various industrial and construction needs. Below is a condensed overview of the different types:
1. Standard Dump Trucks:
- Sinotruk Howo: Known for its durability and efficiency, widely used in construction and mining.
- Dongfeng: Offers reliable performance with robust designs suitable for heavy-duty tasks.
2. Articulated Dump Trucks:
- Shantui: Designed for rough terrains and large-scale mining projects.
- XCMG: Provides flexibility and superior maneuvering in tough environments.
3. Off-Highway Dump Trucks:
- SANY: Cater to large-scale mining and earthmoving operations, with high load capacities.
- Liugong: Robust and efficient for quarry and mining applications.
4. Mini Dump Trucks:
- Foton: Smaller, versatile models perfect for urban construction and smaller loads.
- Shacman: Known for agility and ease of navigation in tight spaces.
5. Electric Dump Trucks:
- BYD: Focuses on eco-friendly, zero-emission models ideal for environmentally-conscious operations.
- Tesla (collaboration models): Partnering with Chinese firms to offer advanced electric dump trucks.
6. Side Dump Trucks:
- FAW: Features that allow for unloading materials to the side rather than the rear, enhancing project efficiency.
- Beiben North Benz: Known for robustness and durability in varied terrains.
7. Super Dump Trucks:
- Hongyan Genlyon: High-capacity and multi-axle configurations to maximize payload.
- Zoomlion: Designed for super-heavy loads with advanced hydraulic systems.
These options cater to a range of applications from small urban projects to large industrial operations, making Chinese-manufactured dump trucks versatile and reliable for various needs.
List Application of "dump truck china"
Dump trucks, also known as tipper trucks, are highly versatile vehicles extensively used across various industries in China. Below are the primary applications:
1. Construction and Infrastructure Development:
- Material Transport: Used for hauling construction materials like sand, gravel, dirt, and concrete to and from job sites.
- Excavation Debris Removal: Quick removal of excavated soil and debris, essential for efficient site management.
- Road Construction: Transporting bitumen, asphalt, and other materials necessary for road building and maintenance.
2. Mining Industry:
- Ore and Mineral Transport: Vital in moving large quantities of ores, minerals, coal, and other extracted materials within mining sites.
- Overburden Removal: Effectively removing overburden, which is the soil and rock covering mineral deposits.
3. Agriculture:
- Hauling Agricultural Products: Transporting produce, manure, and fertilizers between fields, storage areas, and markets.
- Landscaping: Moving large quantities of soil, mulch, and compost needed for landscaping projects.
4. Waste Management:
- Transporting Waste: Used by municipalities for collecting and transporting household, industrial, and construction waste to disposal sites.
- Recycling Operations: Moving recyclable materials from collection points to recycling facilities.
5. Disaster Recovery and Relief:
- Debris Clearance: Essential in clearing debris after natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and landslides.
- Delivery of Supplies: Transporting emergency supplies and equipment to affected areas.
6. Industrial Applications:
- Material Transport: Transporting raw materials, by-products, and finished goods within factories and industrial complexes.
- Infrastructure Maintenance: Moving materials for the repair and maintenance of industrial infrastructure.
In summary, dump trucks in China are integral to construction, mining, agriculture, waste management, disaster recovery, and various industrial applications, playing a critical role in the efficient transport and handling of materials across multiple sectors.
List Buyer Types of "dump truck china"
When considering the buyer types for "dump truck China," it is essential to recognize the diversity in industries and needs that drive the acquisition of such vehicles. Here's an overview of the primary buyer types:
1. Construction Companies:
- Purpose: Transporting construction materials such as sand, gravel, and dirt.
- Needs: Robust and durable dump trucks that can handle heavy loads and rough terrain.
2. Mining Industry:
- Purpose: Moving mined materials like coal, ore, and rocks.
- Needs: Heavy-duty dump trucks with high payload capacities and off-road capabilities.
3. Agricultural Sector:
- Purpose: Hauling produce, livestock feed, and farming soil.
- Needs: Versatile dump trucks suited for both off-road and on-road tasks, often with moderate payload capacities.
4. Waste Management Companies:
- Purpose: Collecting and transporting waste and recyclable materials.
- Needs: Dump trucks with efficient loading and unloading mechanisms, and durability for frequent use.
5. Municipal Services and Public Works:
- Purpose: Maintaining public infrastructure, transporting road salt, debris removal.
- Needs: Reliable, easy-to-maintain trucks capable of operating in urban and suburban environments.
6. Logistics and Freight Companies:
- Purpose: Transporting oversized or bulk items not suited for traditional freight.
- Needs: Flexible configurations for diverse cargoes, and efficiency for long-haul transport.
7. Landscaping and Gardening Services:
- Purpose: Delivering materials such as soil, mulch, and plants.
- Needs: Smaller, maneuverable dump trucks capable of accessing tighter spaces.
8. Manufacturing and Industrial Firms:
- Purpose: Moving raw materials and finished goods within or between facilities.
- Needs: Dependable, cost-effective trucks to minimize downtime and optimize operations.
While the specific requirements of each buyer type may vary, common themes include durability, capacity, and appropriateness for the intended operational environment. Understanding these buyer categories helps manufacturers and suppliers tailor their offerings to meet market demands effectively.
List "dump truck china" Project Types for Different Industries
Dump trucks are versatile vehicles essential to various industries for transporting loose materials like gravel, sand, and debris. Here are several project types across different sectors in China that utilize dump trucks:
1. Construction Industry:
- Residential Construction: Transporting building materials such as sand, gravel, and cement to construction sites.
- Infrastructure Development: Moving dirt, asphalt, and demolition waste for road, bridge, and tunnel construction projects.
2. Mining Industry:
- Surface Mining: Hauling large quantities of ore, coal, and overburden from mining sites to processing plants.
- Quarrying: Transporting extracted stone and minerals such as limestone and granite.
3. Waste Management:
- Municipal Waste Disposal: Collection and transportation of solid waste to landfills or recycling centers.
- Industrial Waste Management: Moving industrial by-products and hazardous waste from factories to treatment facilities.
4. Agriculture:
- Crop Transport: Moving harvested crops like grains and vegetables from fields to storage or processing facilities.
- Material Hauling: Transporting agricultural inputs like fertilizers, soil, and equipment.
5. Forestry:
- Log Transport: Moving felled trees and logs from forests to sawmills or processing facilities.
- Clearing Operations: Hauling debris and wood waste after land clearing activities.
6. Energy Sector:
- Renewable Energy Projects: Transporting materials for wind farm and solar panel installations.
- Oil and Gas Projects: Hauling drilling waste and construction materials to and from exploration sites.
7. Landscaping:
- Large-Scale Landscaping: Moving soil, mulch, and decorative stones for parks, golf courses, and public spaces.
- Erosion Control: Transporting erosion control materials like riprap and fill dirt.
8. Disaster Relief and Recovery:
- Debris Removal: Hauling away debris and waste after natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, or typhoons.
Dump trucks play a crucial role in these sectors, ensuring efficient transportation of materials, thereby aiding in the successful execution of various projects.
dump truck china Accessories Upgrades and Custom Manufacturing Options
When upgrading and customizing dump trucks in China, numerous accessories and custom manufacturing options are available to enhance performance, safety, and efficiency.
Accessories:
1. Hydraulic Systems: Advanced hydraulic systems improve lifting capacity and control, ensuring smoother operations.
2. Tarp Systems: Automated tarp systems help cover loads efficiently, protecting materials from weather and reducing spillage.
3. Toolboxes: Custom toolboxes provide extra storage for essential tools and equipment.
4. Lighting: LED lighting systems improve visibility and safety during night operations or in low-light conditions.
5. Cab Enhancements: Comfortable seating, air conditioning, and advanced infotainment options enhance driver comfort.
Upgrades:
1. Engine and Transmission: Upgrading to more efficient engines and transmissions can improve fuel economy and power.
2. Suspension Systems: Enhanced suspension systems provide better load handling and smoother rides.
3. Brake Systems: Upgrading to high-performance brakes ensures better stopping power and increased safety.
4. Tire Upgrades: Opt for heavy-duty tires that offer better traction and longevity.
Custom Manufacturing Options:
1. Body Customization: Custom-designed bodies tailored to specific material handling needs, such as coal, sand, or construction debris, improve efficiency.
2. Dump Box Liners: Specialty liners protect the dump box from wear and corrosion, extending the truck's lifespan.
3. Tailgate Options: Custom tailgates, including high-lift, barn door, and automated versions, enhance loading and unloading efficiency.
4. Payload Monitoring: Advanced payload monitoring systems ensure optimal load distribution and prevent overloading.
5. Chassis Reinforcement: Reinforced chassis options for extreme working conditions add durability and reliability.
Leading Chinese manufacturers offer these accessories and custom options, ensuring that dump trucks meet specific operational requirements, safety standards, and regulatory compliance, thereby maximizing productivity and minimizing downtime.
List Quality Control and The Manufacturing Process of "dump truck china"
Quality Control:
1. Material Inspection: Raw materials are inspected for quality, ensuring they meet specific standards (e.g., steel quality) which are crucial for the durability and safety of the dump trucks.
2. Component Testing: Key components like the hydraulic system, engine, and transmission are tested for performance and reliability under various conditions.
3. Assembly Checks: During assembly, each stage undergoes rigorous checks to ensure that parts fit correctly and there are no defects.
4. Load Testing: Finished dump trucks are subjected to load tests to ensure they can handle their rated capacities without structural failures.
5. Road Testing: Dump trucks are driven over rough terrain to test their suspension, braking systems, and overall build quality.
6. Final Inspection: A thorough final inspection ensures that each truck meets safety and design standards before shipping.
Manufacturing Process:
1. Design and Engineering: Engineers design the dump truck, focusing on weight distribution, payload capacity, and durability. CAD and simulation tools are used to create detailed plans.
2. Material Procurement: High-quality steel and other materials are sourced from verified suppliers.
3. Cutting and Shaping: CNC machines and plasma cutters shape the steel components. Precision cutting ensures parts fit together seamlessly.
4. Welding and Assembly: Robots and skilled welders assemble the chassis and body. Automated welding ensures consistency and strength.
5. Hydraulic System Installation: Hydraulic systems for the dumping mechanism are installed, tested for leaks, and calibrated.
6. Painting and Coating: Trucks undergo a painting process that includes rust-proofing and multi-layer coatings for durability.
7. Engine and Transmission Installation: Engines and transmissions, often from globally recognized brands, are fitted and integrated with the vehicle’s systems.
8. Electrical Systems: Wiring for lights, hydraulics, and other electronic systems is installed and tested for functionality.
9. Quality Assurance: Multiple quality checks are performed throughout the process to ensure adherence to design specifications and regulatory standards.
This meticulous process ensures that each dump truck produced in China meets rigorous standards of quality and performance, making them reliable for heavy-duty operations.
How to use "dump truck china"
Using "dump truck China" can be approached from various angles, such as sourcing, operational tips, and industry insights. Here's a concise guide under 300 words:
1. Sourcing a Dump Truck from China
Research Suppliers:
- Utilize platforms like Alibaba, Made-in-China, or Global Sources to find reliable manufacturers.
- Check supplier ratings, reviews, and certification.
Compare Models:
- Evaluate based on capacity, engine power, and features.
- Consider brands like Sinotruk, Foton, and Shacman, which are well-known in China.
Request Quotes:
- Contact multiple suppliers for pricing.
- Ask about shipping options, delivery times, and warranty.
Due Diligence:
- Verify supplier credentials.
- Request product samples or visit the factory if possible.
2. Operational Tips
Training:
- Ensure operators are trained on the specific model.
- Familiarize them with the user manual and safety protocols.
Maintenance:
- Follow the recommended maintenance schedule.
- Regularly check for wear and tear, especially on hydraulic systems and tires.
Regulations:
- Verify that the truck complies with local road and emissions regulations.
- Register the vehicle and secure necessary permits.
3. Industry Insights
Market Trends:
- Demand for dump trucks is growing in construction and mining sectors.
- Stay updated with technological advancements like telematics and automation.
Cost-Benefit Analysis:
- Weigh the initial investment against long-term benefits like durability and fuel efficiency.
Networking:
- Join industry forums and trade shows to stay connected with suppliers and other users.
By following these steps, you can effectively utilize a "dump truck China" for your needs, ensuring quality, compliance, and efficiency.
"dump truck china" Comparative Analysis
When conducting a comparative analysis of dump truck manufacturers in China, several key factors merit consideration, including quality, technological innovation, market positioning, and price competitiveness.
Quality and Reliability: Chinese manufacturers like XCMG, SANY, and Sinotruk have made significant strides in improving the quality and reliability of their dump trucks. XCMG, for instance, is renowned for its heavy machinery and has built a reputation for durability and robust engineering. Sinotruk’s HOWO series is extensively used in heavy-duty applications, indicating its reliability.
Technological Innovation: SANY leads with its advanced engineering and incorporation of modern technologies such as GPS tracking and fleet management systems. XCMG also showcases strong innovation with features like intelligent control systems and eco-friendly engines. Sinotruk's focus has predominantly been on improving mechanical efficiency and performance.
Market Positioning: SANY and XCMG are positioned as premium brands with a focus on high-quality, technologically advanced products. Sinotruk tends to cater more to the mid-tier market, offering a balance between quality and affordability. FAW Group and Dongfeng are other notable players, providing a range of models that appeal to different market segments.
Price Competitiveness: Chinese dump trucks are generally more affordable than their Western counterparts, providing cost-effective solutions without significant compromises on quality. Sinotruk's HOWO series is particularly known for its competitive pricing. While XCMG and SANY are priced higher, they justify the cost with superior technology and features.
Export and Global Presence: Chinese dump trucks are not only popular domestically but are also increasingly being exported to Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. SANY and XCMG have extensive global networks, and Sinotruk has established a presence in over 100 countries.
Conclusion: Chinese dump truck manufacturers offer a range of products that cater to various needs and budgets. XCMG and SANY are ideal for those seeking high-end, technologically advanced trucks, while Sinotruk offers a more balanced approach between cost and quality. Ultimately, the choice will depend on specific operational requirements and budget considerations.
"dump truck china" Warranty and Support
When purchasing a dump truck from China, warranty and support are critical considerations to ensure long-term reliability and operational efficiency. Chinese manufacturers typically offer different levels of warranty and support, which can vary significantly from one brand to another.
Warranty:
1. Duration: Chinese dump trucks often come with a warranty period that ranges from 1 to 3 years, depending on the manufacturer and model. Key components such as the engine, transmission, and hydraulic systems may have specific warranty terms.
2. Coverage: The warranty generally covers manufacturing defects and faulty parts. However, it's important to carefully read the terms and conditions to understand what is excluded. Wear-and-tear parts like tires and brake pads are usually not covered.
3. Claim Procedure: To claim warranty, you should follow the manufacturer's procedure, which often involves contacting the dealer or service center for an inspection and repair/replacement of the defective parts.
Support:
1. Service Network: Reputable Chinese dump truck manufacturers typically have a global service network. Ensure that the brand you choose has authorized service centers in your region for convenient maintenance and repairs.
2. Technical Support: Manufacturers often provide technical support through hotlines, email, or online platforms. Some even offer remote diagnostic tools to help troubleshoot and resolve issues promptly.
3. Spare Parts Availability: Ensure the manufacturer provides easy access to genuine spare parts. A well-established supply chain for parts can significantly reduce downtime.
4. Training: Some manufacturers offer training programs for operators and maintenance personnel, which can be beneficial for efficient and safe operation of the dump truck.
In conclusion, when buying a dump truck from China, scrutinize the warranty terms and support services offered. A robust warranty and reliable support network can mitigate risks and enhance the performance and longevity of your investment.
List "dump truck china" FAQ
Sure! Here's a concise FAQ for "dump truck China," keeping it under 300 words:
Dump Truck China FAQ
1. What types of dump trucks are available from China?
Chinese manufacturers offer various types, including standard dump trucks, articulated dump trucks, and tipper trucks (both 6-wheeler and 10-wheeler).
2. Are Chinese dump trucks reliable?
Many Chinese dump truck brands have significantly improved their quality, incorporating advanced technology and meeting international standards. Brands like Howo, Foton, and Shacman are known for their reliability.
3. What is the cost range for a dump truck from China?
Prices vary based on the model and specifications but generally range from $20,000 to $80,000.
4. How can I order a dump truck from China?
You can order through direct contact with manufacturers, authorized dealers, or online platforms like Alibaba.
5. Is shipping included when purchasing?
Typically, shipping is not included in the purchase price. You must negotiate or arrange shipping separately.
6. Are there warranties available?
Yes, most manufacturers offer a limited warranty, usually between 1 to 2 years. Make sure to confirm the warranty details before purchase.
7. Can I get spare parts for Chinese dump trucks?
Spare parts are generally available and can be ordered through manufacturers or third-party suppliers.
8. What should I check before buying?
Inspect the truck’s condition, review the warranty, check for spare part availability, verify the manufacturer’s reputation, and ensure compliance with your country’s regulations.
9. Are there eco-friendly options?
Some manufacturers offer models with improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions, aligning with international environmental standards.
10. Do Chinese dump trucks meet international safety standards?
Many Chinese brands comply with international safety and quality standards such as ISO and CE certifications.
For detailed specifications and guidance, consulting with the manufacturer or a trusted dealer is recommended.
Top 10 FAQ with answer about dump truck china for Buyer Sourcing from China
Sure, here are the top 10 frequently asked questions (FAQ) about sourcing dump trucks from China, with concise answers:
1. Q: What types of dump trucks are available from China?
A: China offers various types, including standard dump trucks, articulated dump trucks, and off-road dump trucks, catering to diverse construction and mining needs.
2. Q: How can I ensure the quality of dump trucks from China?
A: Verify the manufacturer’s ISO certification, quality control processes, and request inspection reports. Third-party inspections can also help ensure quality.
3. Q: What is the typical lead time for manufacturing and delivery?
A: Lead times can vary but generally range from 30 to 60 days, depending on the model and customization needs. Include shipping time based on your location.
4. Q: Are Chinese dump trucks compliant with international standards?
A: Many Chinese manufacturers comply with international standards like CE, EPA, and ADR. Always confirm compliance with the seller to meet your country's regulations.
5. Q: What are the payment terms generally accepted by Chinese suppliers?
A: Common payment terms include T/T (Telegraphic Transfer), L/C (Letter of Credit), and sometimes D/P (Documents against Payment). Initial deposits usually range from 30-50%.
6. Q: Can I customize dump trucks according to my requirements?
A: Yes, many Chinese manufacturers offer customization services for engine types, load capacities, and additional features to meet specific needs.
7. Q: What warranties and service agreements do Chinese manufacturers offer?
A: Warranties typically range from 1-2 years or a certain number of operating hours. Service agreements and after-sales support vary, so it's essential to clarify these upfront.
8. Q: How do I handle shipping and logistics when ordering from China?
A: Engage a reliable freight forwarder experienced in handling heavy machinery. They can manage shipping, customs clearance, and local delivery efficiently.
9. Q: What are the import duties and taxes involved?
A: Import duties and taxes vary by country. It's advisable to consult local regulations or a customs broker to estimate these costs accurately.
10. Q: How can I identify reputable dump truck manufacturers in China?
A: Research companies through trade directories, industry exhibitions, and online platforms like Alibaba. Checking reviews, certifications, and requesting client references can also help.
These FAQs should aid buyers in making informed decisions when sourcing dump trucks from China.
